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        <title>Finite Element Method Magnetics</title>
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        <description>DC and AC Force of a Gapped EI-Core Inductor

David Meeker

&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

Companion file: induct1a.fem

Introduction

This is a companion example to the Inductance Calculation Example on the FEMM website. The objective is to demonstrate how forces are computed in FEMM, and to show how forces differ when computed in AC and DC problems.\(a\)in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;\(g\)&lt;div&gt;
&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.femm.info/examples/induct1a/induct1a_files/image002.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;text&quot;&gt;
Figure 1:  Example Geometry
&lt;…</description>
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        <description>Core Loss Density Derived from a Toroidal Inductor

Consider the toroidal inductor pictured in Figure 1. The inductor has \(N\) turns each carrying current \(i\); a cross-section of area \(A\), and a path length of \(l\) around the ring. 
[toroid.png]

Figure 1: Toroidal inductor. We will assume that the core loss mechanism is captured by a complex-valued permeability, \(\mu\)\[\mu = \mu_r + j \mu_i\]\(\Phi\)\[ \frac{l}{\mu A} \Phi = N i \]\(\Phi\)\[ \Phi = \frac{\mu N A}{l} i \]\(N\)\(i\)\[ L =…</description>
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        <description>How to use FEMM as an Out-of-Process ActiveX server.

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;
October 25, 2004

Introduction

One way of tapping into the functionality of FEMM from an external program is to communicate with FEMM via ActiveX. Using ActiveX, external programs can send FEMM strings to be processed by its internal Lua parser.  A string returned to the calling program which contains results, error messages, etc.MSVC++&lt;tt&gt;&lt;RETURN&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;call2femm()&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;\n&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;x1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;x4&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;s…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=aircore&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>aircore</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=aircore&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;OctaveFEMM Example: Air Core Coil Inductance Calculation&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;July 28, 2006&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As an example of the way that Octave can be use to automate
calculations in FEMM, an Octave function is presented which uses FEMM to
computes the inductance of a cylindrical air-cored coil of arbitrary
dimensions.  For comparison, an
empirical formula for inductance is implemente…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=alnicoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>alnicoproperties</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=alnicoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Alnico Properties

Alnico magnet properties were gleaned from the following sources:

&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Grade&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Demag Curve&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conductivity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;LNG10 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://magnetsim.com/materials/cast-alnico&quot;&gt;IMI&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Cast-Alnico-Permanent-Magnet-Brochure-101117.pdf&quot;&gt;Arnold&lt;/a&gt; (Cast Alnico 2) 1.5 MS/m&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;LNG12 &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://magnet…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=analogies&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>analogies</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=analogies&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;

&lt;div class=Section1&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;Mechanical and Electrostatic Analogies to Permanent Magnets&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;January 4, 2009&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;1 Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For the purposes of developing an intuitive feel for the
fashion in which energy is stored in a permanent magnet and its environment, it
is useful to use analogies to other types of physical consideration.  In this note, the magnetic circuit
representation of a magnet dr…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=axisymmetricformulation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>axisymmetricformulation</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=axisymmetricformulation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>FEMM Axisymmetric Interpolation Functions, Flux Density, and Element Matrices

David Meeker
08Oct2021

Introduction 

The purpose of this note is to explain the somewhat unusual formulation used in FEMM's axisymmetric formulation.  This is basically the method for first-order triangles considered in Section IV of Henrotte \(r^2\)\(r\)\(r=0\)\(\phi\)\(A\)\(\phi\)\[ \phi = 2 \pi r A\]\[s=r^2\]\((p,q)= (0,0),(1,0),(0,1)\)\((p,q)\)\((s,z)\)\[ \begin{eqnarray}
s &amp; = &amp; (s_1 - s_0) p + (s_2 - s_0) q + …</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=bearingloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>bearingloss</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=bearingloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Calculation of Rotational Losses in Heteropolar Magnetic Bearings with FEMM&lt;/h1&gt;


&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;07 Mar 2006&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(Updated 06 Aug 2014 with windage)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=center style='text-align:center'&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;An important advantage of magnetic bearings is their
potential for reduced rotational losses relative to rolling element and fluid
film bearings. To realize this potential, it is imp…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=biasappendix&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>biasappendix</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=biasappendix&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Othogonality of Discrete Sine and Cosine Series

The specific case of interest is the inner product:
\[ \label{forceEq} f = p' \Lambda q \] where \(p\) and \(q\) are vectors defining the \(m^{th}\) and \(n^{th}\) harmonic of flux around a magnetic bearing rotor and
\[ \label{lambdax} \Lambda = \mbox{diag}(\cos(\Theta) ) \] or \[ \label{lambday} \Lambda = \mbox{diag}(\sin(\Theta)) \] are diagonal matrices that define the contributions of each pole to the force in a particular force direction wher…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=biasredux&amp;rev=1775841179&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-04-10T17:12:59+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>biasredux</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=biasredux&amp;rev=1775841179&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Bias Current Linearization Revisited

Abstract: Previously, a generalized bias current linearization was presented for the control of radial magnetic bearings.  However, a numerically intensive procedure was required to obtain bias linearization currents. The present work develops an analytical solution to the generalized bias linearization problem in which solutions are indexed by a small number of parameters.  The formulation also permits the analytical computation of bias linearization curren…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=blockedimpedance&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>blockedimpedance</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=blockedimpedance&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Loundspeaker Blocked Impedance

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

01Nov2015

Introduction

As of the 2015Oct25 test build of FEMM, the program has the capability to perform incremental linearized AC solutions about a DC operating point.  One of the main uses of this new functionality is to aid in the analysis of loudspeakers, where the coil imposes a small magnetic field on top of the DC field imposed by the loudspeaker's permanent magnet. [][]&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;\(\mu_r\)\(\omega\)\(\delta\)…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=blockedimpedance1khz&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>blockedimpedance1khz</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=blockedimpedance1khz&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Blocked Impedance Results at 1kHz

Variation of the BlockedImpedance problem where the impedance and inductance of the SSF-082 loudspeaker are analyzed at 1kHz across a range of positions.  Since the frequency is low (relative to 20kHz), a coarser surface mesh of 0.05mm can be used on the low carbon steel parts. Two configurations are considered: one with no shorting ring, and one with a copper shorting ring around the central pole.
Z&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt;(j&amp;omega;)L&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;(f)&amp;omega;R&lt;sub&gt;eff&lt;/sub&gt;…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=bondedneoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>bondedneoproperties</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=bondedneoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Bonded NdFeB Magnet Properties

Bonded NdFeB properties defined in FEMM are meant to be representative of typical examples rather than strictly based on the products from one vendor. 

Since bonded magnets consist of permanent magnet powder with a polymer binder, the electrical conductivity is very low.  A typical value of electrical conductivity is 0.01 MS/m.\[\mu_r = 1.06 + 0.02 \left( \frac{bhmax}{\mbox{MGOe}} \right)\]&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Grade&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;\(BH_{max}\), MGOe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;\(…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=catalina&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>catalina</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=catalina&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>.zip archive of files that might facilitate running on macOS Catalina in conjunction with WINE
Maybe the VC2008 64-bit redistributable is also needed--I'm not sure whether that installer will run.

	*  [femm42.zip]
	*  [vcredist_x64.exe]</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=coilgun&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>coilgun</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=coilgun&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Lua Scripting Example: Coil Gun&lt;/h1&gt;



&lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;June 10, 2004&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;i&gt;1. Introduction&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;This example considers the computation of the force on an
iron ball at various positions relative to a wound, air-cored coil.&lt;span
style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;The configuration is similar to some coil
guns that are de…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=complexlua&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>complexlua</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=complexlua&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Lua 4.0 compiled with complex numbers as the standard number type

David Meeker
dmeeker@ieee.org
01Dec2005

This is a modified version of Lua 4 (see &lt;http://www.lua.org&gt;) that uses the CComplex class from FEMM as the standard number type in Lua.  The distribution contains a project for building a statically linked version of the Lua library and a dialog-based interpreter program for evaluating expressions in Lua 4.  The package builds with Visual C++LuaConsole++</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=computationalmagneticslinks&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>computationalmagneticslinks</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=computationalmagneticslinks&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Professional Societies

	*  IEEE Magnetics Society 
	*  International Compumag Society
	*  Compumag TEAM Homepage
	*  Japan Society of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 
	*  Magnetics Society of Japan 
	*  UK Magnetics Society 
	*  APS Topical Group on Magnetism 

Journals

	*  IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
	*  IEEE Magnetics Letters
	*  IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
	*  IET Science, Measurement &amp; Technology
	*  COMPEL
	*  Actuators

Online Resources

	*  Lund University Desig…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=contrib&amp;rev=1777857624&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-04T01:20:24+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>contrib</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=contrib&amp;rev=1777857624&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Examples, Documentation, and Tools Contributed by FEMM Users

	*  Modified Halbach Arrays  
	*  Coreless Three-Phase Alternator 
	*  PeMSyn Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine design tool 
	*  Japanese translation of FEMM magnetics tutorial
	*  AplX scripting example [femm_mo_getpointvalues.atf]
	*  image2coordinates Matlab toolbox &lt;https://github.com/marcoaomoreira/image2coordinates-femm&gt;
	*  DoSA-2D (Designer of Solenoids &amp; Actuators) &lt;https://solenoid.or.kr/index_dosa_open_2d_eng.html&gt;
	*  M…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=contribanimation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>contribanimation</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=contribanimation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>FEMM Animation Lua Script by H.M.Wassim

It is as easy as pasting the script to the Lua console then evaluating.
You can adjust the settings if you want to.
This script is developed to create sequence of screenshots for each phase angle.
I hope this would somehow help someone someday.&lt;div&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=corelessalternator&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>corelessalternator</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=corelessalternator&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Coreless Three-Phase Alternator

José Borges de Almeida
Universidade do Minho
Physics Department
&lt;josebda@gmail.com&gt;

30Mar2021

Introduction

This note describes the modeling of an alternator for a small wind turbine; the rated power is about 500 W, at 1800 rpm, and it presents no cogging or starting torque, meaning that it will start rotating even with the tiniest breeze. Most permanent magnet alternators are classified as either inner or outer rotor, but the present one is both inner and oute…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=corelosscalculation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>corelosscalculation</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=corelosscalculation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Rotating Losses in a Outrunner Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Generator

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

09Sept2009

Companion Files: getloss.zip

1 Introduction

This note will consider the analysis of an “outrunner” (rotor on the outside) single-phase doubly salient permanent magnet machine.  This machine is interesting from the point of view of core loss computation because the rotor and stator iron are both laminated and see different dominant frequencies. This example will show how a seri…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=csharp&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>csharp</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=csharp&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Dave,

Following the C# code which can access FEMM.
I used the C# 2008 express edition.
In the case of distributing for the general users, feel free.

Anderson Nunes


using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using Femm;

namespace CallFEMM
{
  static class Programa
  {
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
      ComandosFEMM enviarFEMM = new ComandosFEMM();
      string texto = enviarFEMM.Prompt(&quot;Write a text&quot;).Replace(&quot;\n&quot;,&lt;html&gt;);
      bool te…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=davidmeeker&amp;rev=1777857562&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-04T01:19:22+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>davidmeeker</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=davidmeeker&amp;rev=1777857562&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
&lt;!--
 
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
  {
  margin:0in;
  margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  font-size:12.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
  {color:blue;
  text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
  {color:blue;
  text-decoration:underline;}
p
  {margin-right:0in;
  margin-left:0in;
  font-size:12.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;}
pre
  {margin:0in;
  margin-bottom:.0001pt;
  font-size:10.0pt…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=defaultmaterial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>defaultmaterial</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=defaultmaterial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Assigning a Default Material in FEMM

David Meeker
02Oct2011

Introduction

In some circumstances, it is convenient to define a default material for FEMM problems. As of the FEMM 4.2 01Oct2011 build, it is possible to define a default material by tagging one of the block labels as the default block label.  The material associated with the default block label, in addition to the other properties ascribed to the label, are then applied to any unlabeled regions in the problem. MIAttachDefault[]MIDe…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=documentation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>documentation</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=documentation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Documentation

FEMM 4.2 Magnetics, Electrostatics, Heat Flow, and Current Flow

	*  [FEMM User's Manual]
	*  Magnetics Tutorial
	*  Electrostatics Tutorial
	*  Heat Flow Tutorial
	*  [OctaveFEMM Reference Manual] (interface to Octave &amp; Matlab)
	*  MathFEMM Reference Manual (interface to Mathematica)
	*  pyFEMM Reference Manual (interface to Python)
	*  .FEM file format specification

Lua 4.0 Scripting Language

Lua is the scripting engine used by FEMM.  All scripting functionality that is not FE…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=download&amp;rev=1778258414&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-08T16:40:14+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>download</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=download&amp;rev=1778258414&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Finite Element Method Magnetics

A Windows finite element solver for 2D and axisymmetric magnetic, electrostatic, heat flow, and current flow problems with graphical pre- and post-processors.

Stable Distribution (21Apr2019)

The 21Apr2019 build is the Stable Distribution.&lt;tt&gt;pathtool&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lua.org&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;/powered-by-64.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Powered By LUA&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~quake/triangle.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;/t.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Triangle&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=driverdynamics&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>driverdynamics</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=driverdynamics&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Loundspeaker Driver Dynamics

David Meeker
dmeeker@ieee.org

07Sep2015

Introduction

The purpose of this page is to describe how FEMM can be used to analyze the small signal properties of a loudspeaker driver. With FEMM, the effects of eddy currents and/or shorting rings can be included in the small signal model.\(m\)\(k\)\(c\)&lt;div&gt;
&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.femm.info/Archives/contrib/images/DriverDynamcis/mech.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Figure 1: Spring-Mass-Damper system representing loudspeaker mec…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=eddycurrentbrake&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>eddycurrentbrake</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=eddycurrentbrake&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Eddy Current Brake Analysis Notebook



Mathematica Notebook that analyzes an eddy current brake with FEMM.

HTML Printout of the Notebook

PDF Printout of the Notebook

Matlab/Octave Translation of the Notebook</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=electrostaticstutorial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>electrostaticstutorial</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=electrostaticstutorial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>FEMM 4.2 Electrostatics Tutorial

David Meeker 
dmeeker@ieee.org 

revised December 31, 2014

1 Introduction

Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) is a finite element package for solving 2D planar and axisymmetric problems in electrostatics and in low frequency magnetics. The program runs under runs under Windows 2000, XP, 7, and 8, as well as on 10&lt;sup&gt;-8&lt;/sup&gt;(2&amp;#949;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style='font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:103%'&gt;o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;/&lt;i&gt;r &lt;/i&gt;)&lt;span style='font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;'…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=equivalentthermalconductivity&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>equivalentthermalconductivity</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=equivalentthermalconductivity&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Equivalent Thermal Conductivity of Encapsulated Magnet Wire

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;
07Oct2021

PDF version

1 Introduction

Many electric machines have a winding consisting of magnet wire potted in an epoxy or silicone encapsulant.  The magnet wire typically consists of round copper wire coated with a very thin insulating layer of a material like polyimide or polyamide-imide.  The typical problem is shown below in Figure 1.\(R\)\(\delta\)\(k_c\)\(k_i\)\(k_p\)\(R+\delta\)\(k_w\)\(k_w\)\(…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=equivalentthermalconductivityimages&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>equivalentthermalconductivityimages</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=equivalentthermalconductivityimages&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>*  [Fig1.png]
	*  [Fig2.png]
	*  [Fig3.png]
	*  [Fig4.png]
	*  [Fig5.png]
	*  [Fig6.png]
	*  [Fig7.png]</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=examples&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>examples</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=examples&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Examples 

	*  Magnetics Tutorial
	*  Inductance of a Gapped EI-Core Inductor
	*  Force of an Eight Pole Radial Magnetic Bearing
	*  DC and AC Force of a Gapped EI-Core Inductor
	*  Permanent Magnet Example
	*  Open Boundary Example using Improvised Asymptotic Boundary Conditions 
	*  Radial Magnetization
	*  Force on a Taper Plunger Magnet
	*  Eddy Currents Induced in a Steel Tube
	*  Steady-State Analysis of Compumag TEAM Problem 28
	*  Analysis of a Woofer Motor
	*  Air-Core Coil Inductance C…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=excel&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>excel</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=excel&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Excel Connection Example

Module1.bas is a very simple example of how one might go about connecting an Excel spreadsheet to FEMM using ActiveX.  The example script opens up an instance of femm and asks for the value of &amp;mu;&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;, the magnetic permeability of free space.  The resulting value is pasted into a particular element of the spreadsheet.</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=faq&amp;rev=1777856470&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-04T01:01:10+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>faq</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=faq&amp;rev=1777856470&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>FAQ

If you are a first-time user, the best way to start is by completing the FEMM tutorial. You can get to the tutorial via the FEMM entry of your Windows start menu or at the MagneticsTutorial page.

Several frequently asked questions about FEMM are addressed below.&lt;a name=&quot;anchor1&quot; id=&quot;anchor1&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;anchor2&quot; id=&quot;anchor2&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;center&gt;A(t) = Re[a (cos &amp;#969;t + j sin &amp;#969;t) ] = Re(a) cos &amp;#969;t - Im(a) sin &amp;#969;t = Re [a e&lt;sup&gt;j&amp;#969;t&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;/center&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;anchor3&quot; id=&quot;anchor3&quot;…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=femmed&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>femmed</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=femmed&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[[http://www.femm.info/Archives/contrib/femmed-bin.zip|FEMMed]]

An editor for Lua scripts with FEMM syntax highlighting.  Written in 2004 by Adrian Gibbons at Loughborough University.

Acknowledgements

The following articles and demonstration code were used with extensive modification of the source code to match the requirements of this project – apart from the hyperlink and multiple tabbed interface which was altered to a lesser degree by the inclusion of some additional code.IntelliSense Too…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=filelinkclient&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>filelinkclient</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=filelinkclient&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Filelink Client Demo Program

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;
October 25, 2004

Introduction

This note describes an example program that uses the &amp;quot;filelink&amp;quot; method of inter-process communication to talk to FEMM. The example source is available here. “Filelink&lt;tt&gt;–filelink&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;ifile.txt&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;c:\program files\femm42\bin\femm.exe&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;ofile.txt&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;eval&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;ifile.txt&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;2+2&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;ofile.txt&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;[4]&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;fclient&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;spawnl&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;-filelink&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;callf…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=files&amp;rev=1779327428&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-21T01:37:08+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>files</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=files&amp;rev=1779327428&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>*  [linux-build.pdf]
	*  [macos-build.pdf]
	*  [windows-build.pdf]</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=frozenbenchmark&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>frozenbenchmark</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=frozenbenchmark&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Frozen Permeability Benchmark

Introduction

“Frozen Permeability” is a method of ascertaining motor parameters that are valid for a motor running under saturated conditions. See [&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unibw.de/rz/dokumente/getFILE?fid=428210&amp;fd=kein&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] and [&lt;a href=&quot;http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_214523.pdf&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] below for examples of its application.  To evaluate motor parameters via the Frozen Permeability method, a first nonlinear simulation must be performed with the machine …</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=frozentorqueseparation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>frozentorqueseparation</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=frozentorqueseparation&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Frozen Permeability Torque Separation

For frozen permeability problems, the proper method of ascribing various portions of the torque to PM Torque, Reluctance Torque, and Cogging Torque is still something of an open problem (see [1] and [2] below). One possible way is to compute the flux linkage as the rotor spins for a constant set of currents and infer the torque from the DQ flux linkage, the change of flux linkage with respect to position, and the DQ currents.  The Mathematica notebook below…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=halbachexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>halbachexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=halbachexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Modified Halbach Arrays

José Borges de Almeida
Universidade do Minho
Physics Department
&lt;josebda@gmail.com&gt;

Description

This Octave script models an infinite double layer of modified magnet arrays to produce a very strong trapezoidal field in the inter-magnet space. There are a number of user definable parameters and true Halbach arrays can be obtained by setting</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=hardmagneticmaterials&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>hardmagneticmaterials</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=hardmagneticmaterials&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Hard Magnetic Materials

The 21Apr2019 release of the program contains an updated magnetics materials library containing the definitions of many new hard magnetic materials.  Most of new material definitions are for:

	*  Alnico
	*  Sintered NdFeB
	*  Sintered SmCo
	*  Bonded NdFeB

Click on the links above to see the detailed rationale for the material definitions.  For the most part, the properties aren't cribbed from any one manufacturer. The properties are meant to be representative values b…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=heatflowtutorial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>heatflowtutorial</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=heatflowtutorial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;FEMM Heat Flow Tutorial&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;March 7, 2005 (Updated August 11, 2009)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;1. Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;FEMM is a
finite element package for solving 2D planar and axisymmetric magnetic,
electrostatic, steady-state heat conduction, and current flow problems. The
program runs under runs under Windows and on Linux machines via Wine. The program can be obtained at &lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.femm.info/&quot;&gt;http://…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=hysteresisloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>hysteresisloss</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=hysteresisloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Nonlinear Time Harmonic Hysteresis Loss Model

\[ \mu_{eff} = \mu e^{-j \theta} = \mu \cos{\theta} - j \mu \sin{\theta}\]

\[L = \frac{\mu_{eff}a}{l}\]

\[Z = j \omega L = j \omega \frac{\mu a}{l} \cos{\theta} + \omega \frac{\mu a}{l} \sin{\theta}\]

Loss = \( \frac{1}{2}\omega \frac{\mu a}{l} \sin{\theta} i^2 \)

Defining \( H = i/l\), 

Loss =  \( \frac{1}{2}\omega \mu a l  \sin{\theta} H^2 \)

Loss/Volume =  \( \frac{1}{2}\omega \mu \sin{\theta} H^2 \)

If \(\left|B\right| = \mu \left|H\right…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=images&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>images</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=images&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>*  [AirGapDetail.png]
	*  [AlnicoGroup1.png]
	*  [AlnicoGroup2.png]
	*  [AlnicoGroup3.png]
	*  [Analytical_Model.PNG]
	*  [BondedNdFeB.png]
	*  [BoundaryDefinition.png]
	*  [CAFig1.png]
	*  [CAFig2.png]
	*  [CAFig3.png]
	*  [CAFig4.png]
	*  [CAFig5.png]
	*  [CAFig6.png]
	*  [CAFig7.png]
	*  [CAFig8.png]
	*  [Cogging.png]
	*  [DetailedLineToLine.png]
	*  [FEA_Model.PNG]
	*  [FEModel.png]
	*  [Fig6.png]
	*  [Figure4.png]
	*  [HalbachFig1.png]
	*  [HalbachFig2.png]
	*  [LineToLineVoltage.png]
	*  […</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=improvedconvergence&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>improvedconvergence</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=improvedconvergence&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Meshing Heuristics for Improved Convergence

David Meeker

16Oct2011

1) Introduction

In a recent conference presentation, the convergence of FEMM was compared to several other programs, including several solvers with various sorts of adaptive mesh refinement.  Some recent changes have been made to improve the convergence of FEMM by changes to the meshing.  While the program does not use adaptive meshing, several heuristics have been added to the mesh generation.  These changes result in conver…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=improvisedabcs&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>improvisedabcs</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=improvisedabcs&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Improvised Asymptotic Boundary Conditions

“Open Boundary” problems are finite element problems that are solved on a finite domain but emulate a solution in an unbounded domain. Recent papers (here and here) describe “Improvised Asymptotic Boundary Conditions&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;#948;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;/&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt; 
             &lt;td&gt;&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;/&amp;#956;&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=incrementalac&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>incrementalac</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=incrementalac&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Notes on Incremental AC Problems

For problems like the analysis of loudspeakers, it is useful to solve for an AC magnetic field perturbation about a magnetostatic solution.  For loudspeakers, the magnetostatic solution is the field established by the loudspeaker's permanent magnet.  The AC field solution is a perturbation about the field established by the permanent magnet. However, for loudspeakers, device's iron is typically highly saturated in spots.  We desire an incremental solution about …</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=incrementalpermeability&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>incrementalpermeability</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=incrementalpermeability&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Incremental Permeability AC Solution about a DC Operating Point

David Meeker
04Jan2014

Introduction

The problem of computing the impedance of a system about a DC operating point arises with regularity during the study of electric machines.  Two examples are:</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=inductanceexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>inductanceexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=inductanceexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Inductance Calculation Example&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Companion file: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.femm.info/examples/induct1a/induct1a.fem&quot;&gt;&lt;tt&gt;induct1a.fem&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A common task that FEMM might be applied to is the
calculation of the inductance of a gapped inductor.  Although the inductance can be estimated using simple magnetic
circuit theory, the circuit approach typically ignores flux lea…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=inductionmotorexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>inductionmotorexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=inductionmotorexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
&lt;!--
 
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=insulationguide&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>insulationguide</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=insulationguide&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding = 10&gt;
&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thermal Class&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;Insulation Type&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;NEMA Standard&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;105&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;/td&gt;
   &lt;td&gt;&lt;table&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Plain Enamel&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Polyurethane (Poly)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reawire.com/Products/MagnetWire/FilmInsulated/Formvar/tabid/87/language/en-US/Default.aspx&quot;&gt;Formvar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Bondable Poly&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Bondable Poly-Nylon&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
   &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Bondable For…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=integralexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>integralexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=integralexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Example Element-by-Element Block Integral Calculation

A number of block integrals come predefined in FEMM for easy calculation in the postprocessor.  Unfortunately, the finite variety of integrals does not cover every possible situation that the power user may desire.  In the case that the desired integral is not directly built in to FEMM, it is possible to use a simple script to compute the desired integral on an element-by-element basis, summing the results from each element to get the desire…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=license&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>license</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=license&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Finite Element Method Magnetics v. 2.1 - 4.2 and BELA 1.0 are distributed under the terms of 
the Aladdin Free Public License:&lt;/em&gt;

&lt;hr&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Aladdin Free Public License&lt;/h3&gt;
(Version 8, November 18, 1999) &lt;br&gt;
Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999 &lt;br&gt;
Aladdin Enterprises,Menlo Park, California, U.S.A. &lt;br&gt;

All rights reserved. &lt;br&gt;

&lt;p&gt;NOTE: This License is not the same as any of the GNU
Licenses published by the Free Software Foundation.
Its terms are substantially different …</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=linuxsupport&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>linuxsupport</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=linuxsupport&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Native Implementation

Richard Crozier has created XFEMM, a set of Linux command line tools that implement FEMM magnetics functionality. See:
&lt;https://sourceforge.net/projects/xfemm/&gt;

Running FEMM on Linux via Wine

FEMM can be run on Linux machines using Wine.  Performance of the program is about the same running on Linux with Wine compared to running natively on Windows. If Wine is not already installed on your system, installation instructions for Wine are at OctaveFEMMOctaveFEMMOctaveFEMMOc…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=lrkanalysis&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>lrkanalysis</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=lrkanalysis&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>LRK Motor Analysis

These notes describes how one might go about analyzing Lucas, Retzbach and K&amp;uuml;hfuss (LRK) motors, also known as Split Phase Sector (SPS) motors. These motors are an elegant type of brushless DC motor.

The files included in this example are:

&lt;a href=&quot;/examples/lrk40/lrk-bldc.mcd&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lrk-bldc.mcd&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:  a Mathcad 2001i worksheet for analyzing LRK motors &lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;/examples/lrk40/lrk-bldc.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lrk-bldc.pdf&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:  a PDF printout of lrk-bldc.mcd &lt;br&gt;…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=ltspice&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>ltspice</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=ltspice&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>My LTSpice Components

LTSpice is an excellent SPICE circuit simulator available free of charge from LTC.  However, I some parts that I like to use are not included as standard components.  The purpose of this page is to provide download links to LTSpice models these parts to save myself the future effort of searching for them. The &lt;tt&gt;LTSpice/lib/sub&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;LTSpice/lib/sym&lt;/tt&gt;</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=lualicense&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>lualicense</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=lualicense&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[[http://www.lua.org/manual/4.0/|Lua 4.0]] license

Copyright © 1994-2002 Tecgraf, PUC-Rio.

Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, translate, and distribute this software and its documentation (hereby called the</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=magneticstutorial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>magneticstutorial</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=magneticstutorial&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>FEMM 4.2 Magnetostatic Tutorial

David Meeker 
dmeeker@ieee.org 

revised December 14, 2013

1.	Introduction

Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) is a finite element package for solving 2D planar and axisymmetric problems in low frequency magnetics and electrostatics. The current version of the program program runs under runs under Windows 2000, XP, Windows 7 and Windows 8. The program has also been tested running in</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathfemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>mathfemm</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathfemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>MathFEMM

MathFEMM is a Mathematica package for commanding and exchanging data with FEMM from inside a Mathematica notebook. The commands mirror the functionality of FEMM's Lua scripting language interface.

Here is an example PDF print-out of a Mathematica notebook using &lt;code&gt;C:\PROGRA~1\femm42\mathfemm\mathfemm.m&lt;/code&gt;</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathics&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>mathics</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathics&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[[http://www.mathics.org|Mathics]] Windows Installers

Mathics is a Computer Algebra System with Mathematica-like syntax.  Although a web interface is available at http://www.mathics.net, there are advantages to having a local installation (e.g. files saved locally, can work without internet access). Windows installers are available for various releases of Mathics:</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathics05&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>mathics05</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathics05&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[[http://www.mathics.org|Mathics 0.5]] Windows Installer Readme

This page describes a Windows installer for Mathics 0.5, a Computer Algebra System with Mathematica-like syntax.  Although a web interface is available at http://www.mathics.net, there are advantages to having a local installation (&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.3/python-2.7.3.msi&gt;python-2.7.3.msi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt; &lt;a href=http://gmpy.googlecode.com/files/gmpy-1.15.win32-py2.7.exe&gt;gmpy-1.15.win32-py2.7.exe…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathics06&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>mathics06</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mathics06&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[[http://www.mathics.org|Mathics 0.6]] Windows Installer Readme

This page describes a Windows installer for Mathics 0.6, a Computer Algebra System with Mathematica-like syntax.  Although a web interface is available at http://www.mathics.net, there are advantages to having a local installation (GitHubPyPy&lt;tt&gt;DATA_DIR = '%APPDATA%/Python/Mathics/'&lt;/tt&gt;GitHub&lt;span style=&quot;color:white&quot;&gt;Install Mathics for Windows&lt;/span&gt;PyPy&lt;tt&gt;c:\Mathics-0.6\Python27\Scripts&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;c:\Mathics-0.6\Python27\Lib\site…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=miscellaneous&amp;rev=1777856995&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-04T01:09:55+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>miscellaneous</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=miscellaneous&amp;rev=1777856995&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Tangle -- Not Quite Triangle

A 2D constrained Delaunay triangulation and quality mesh generation tool, implemented in C++17. File format compatible with Shewchuk's Triangle with extensions for arc segments, local feature size constraints, and periodic boundary conditions.

A Python implementation (tangle.py) is also included with identical functionality.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.femm.info/wiki/Tangle#Binaries&quot;&gt;x64 binary distribution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;tt&gt;c:\femm42\bin\triangle.exe&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;tangle.exe&lt;/tt&gt;d&lt;sub&gt;wir…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=multipleinstancesinmatlab&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>multipleinstancesinmatlab</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=multipleinstancesinmatlab&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Controlling Multiple Instances of FEMM from Matlab/Octave

User of the OctaveFEMM are often interested in knowing how to control multiple instances of FEMM from within on Matlab program. For example, using Matlab's parfor command, it would be possible to do parallel computing in a Matlab program that operates on multiple instances of FEMM.  HandleToFEMMHandleToFEMMHandleToFEMM</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mynotes&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>mynotes</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mynotes&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>https://cecs.wright.edu/~sthomas/htchapter02.pdf
https://www.math.colostate.edu/~bangerth/videos.html
https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/986602-ENHb2G/
https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1724498
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuKThdBYIX4

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cnm.1063</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mytransformer&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>mytransformer</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=mytransformer&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Determination of Transformer Operating Point&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;August 10, 2006&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;h2&gt;Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For time-harmonic magnetic problems in FEMM 4.0, windings
with specified currents can be modeled, and the voltage drop across these
windings can be computed as an analysis result.  However, it is often the case that one would like to specify the &lt;i&gt;voltage&lt;/i&gt;
across a winding and compute the resulting cur…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=ndfeb&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>ndfeb</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=ndfeb&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Neodymium Iron Boron

“NdFeB” is short-hand for Neodymium Iron Boron magnet material.  Good descriptions of this type of magnet material are available at:

Sintered:

	*  &lt;https://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/products/neodymium-iron-boron-magnets/&gt;
	*  &lt;https://www.kjmagnetics.com/neomaginfo.asp&gt;
	*  &lt;http://www.magnetsales.com/Neo/Neo1.htm&gt;
	*  &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NdFeB&gt;

Bonded:

	*  &lt;http://www.permanentmagnet.com/neodymium_bonded.html&gt;
	*  &lt;https://www.sintex.com/en/magnetic-technologie…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=neoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>neoproperties</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=neoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>NdFeB Properties

The N30-N55 properties defined in FEMM are meant to be representative of typical examples rather than strictly based on the products from one vendor.  The properties were generated using information from &lt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_magnet&gt;. This Wikipedia page defines the following properties:\(\mu_r\)\(BH_{max}\)\(H_{cB}\)\[H_{cB} = 2 \sqrt{\frac{BH_{max}}{\mu_r \mu_o}} \]\(\mu_o\)\(B_r\)\[B_r = \mu_r \mu_o H_{cB}\]&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Grade&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;\(BH…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=newbuild&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>newbuild</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=newbuild&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>New Build

 22Oct2023 

	*  Updated radiation boundary condition in thermal problems so that convective terms are also used, i.e. a combined radiation/convection/flux boundary can be modeled if desired. Convection bc also updated so that convection/flux can be modeled if desired.\( \log \left( \left| B \right| \right) \)OnDraw\( \log \left( \left| B \right| \right) \)\(i\)\[ L_{inc} \frac{di}{dt} + \omega \frac{d \psi}{d\theta} + R i = v \]\(L_{inc}\)\(\frac{d \psi}{d\theta}\)\(\theta\)\(\omega\…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=octavefemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>octavefemm</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=octavefemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>OctaveFEMM

OctaveFEMM is a Matlab toolbox that allows for the operation of Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) via a set of Matlab/GNU Octave functions.  This toolbox uses ActiveX to communicate to FEMM.

For old versions of Octave (or Octave installations in which the Octave Forge &lt;tt&gt;mi_analyze()&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;mi_analyze&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;code&gt;C:\femm42\mfiles&lt;/code&gt;</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=oldconferences&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>oldconferences</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=oldconferences&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>*  Compumag 1999
	*  Compumag 2001
	*  Compumag 2003
	*  Compumag 2005
	*  Compumag 2007
	*  Compumag 2009
	*  Compumag 2011
	*  Compumag 2013
	*  Compumag 2015
	*  EMF 2003
	*  EMF 2006
	*  EMF 2009
	*  EMF 2013
	*  CEFC 2000
	*  CEFC 2002
	*  CEFC 2004
	*  CEFC 2006
	*  CEFC 2008
	*  CEFC 2010
	*  CEFC 2012
	*  CEFC 2014
	*  FEMTEC 2011
	*  FEMTEC 2013
	*  ISMB-7
	*  ISMB-8
	*  ISMB-9
	*  ISMB-10
	*  ISMB-11
	*  ISMB-12
	*  ISMB-13
	*  IEMDC 2001
	*  IEMDC 2003
	*  IEMDC 2005
	*  IEMDC 2007
	*…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=oldversions&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>oldversions</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=oldversions&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Old Versions

	*  [FEMM 4.2 25Feb2018 Win32 Self-Installing Executable] (ReadMe)	
	*  [FEMM 4.2 25Feb2018 x64 Self-Installing Executable] (ReadMe)
	*  [FEMM 4.2 25Feb2018 Source Distribution] (ReadMe)
	*  [FEMM 4.2 12Jan2016 Win32 Self-Installing Executable] (ReadMe)	
	*  [FEMM 4.2 12Jan2016 x64 Self-Installing Executable] (ReadMe)
	*  [FEMM 4.2 12Jan2016 Source Distribution] (ReadMe)
	*  FEMM 4.2 01Nov2015 Win32 Self-Installing Executable (ReadMe)	
	*  FEMM 4.2 01Nov2015 x64 Self-Installing Exe…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=onedge&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>onedge</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=onedge&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Bulk &quot;On-Edge&quot; Lamination Material Model

David Meeker
&lt;a href=mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/.a

14May2019

Introduction

The purpose of this page is to document the nonlinear DC “on-edge” bulk lamination model used by FEMM.  What “on-edge” means is a set of laminations stacked as shown below in Figure 1.  Flux flows in the \(\mathbf{c}_1\)\(\mathbf{c}_2\) &lt;font color=&quot;red&quot;&gt;(note: c1, c2 now fixed)&lt;/font&gt; \(w\)\(w\)\(f\)\[R = \frac{length}{\mu * width}\]\(mu\)\(w\)\[R_1= \frac{1}{\mu…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=openboundaryexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>openboundaryexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=openboundaryexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Open Boundary Example

Introduction

As of 25Aug2013, FEMM includes a wizard for implementing a new open boundary method, Improvised Asymptotic Boundary Conditions (IABCs). Although this class of open boundary condition can be implement without any special coding, the wizard automatically constructs the boundary region for you, saving time and the possibility of implementation errors.&lt;tt&gt;Layers&lt;/tt&gt;7&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;tt&gt;Radius&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;Horizontal Center&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;Vertical Center&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;tt&gt;Edge Type&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=orthsines&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>orthsines</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=orthsines&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Othogonality of Discrete Sine and Cosine Series

The specific case of interest is the inner product:
\[ \label{forceEq} f = p' \Lambda q \] where \(p\) and \(q\) are vectors defining the \(m^{th}\) and \(n^{th}\) harmonic of flux around a magnetic bearing rotor and
\[ \label{lambdax} \Lambda = \mbox{diag}(\cos(\Theta) ) \] or \[ \label{lambday} \Lambda = \mbox{diag}(\sin(\Theta)) \] are diagonal matrices that define the contributions of each pole to the force in a particular force direction wher…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=outrunneranalysis&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>outrunneranalysis</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=outrunneranalysis&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[BR 2212 Drawing]</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=periodicboundaries&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>periodicboundaries</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=periodicboundaries&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Periodic Boundaries with Rotating Machines

David Meeker
09Oct2011

Introduction

With many rotating electric machines, symmetry can be employed to analyze only a fraction of the machine, rather than the entire machine.  It can be especially beneficial to employ symmetry in cases where multiple analyses must be performed, e.g. characterizing the flux linkage of the motor's phases versus rotational position.  The periodic boundary conditions built into FEMM allow just this sort of analysis.  Howe…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=permanentmagnetexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>permanentmagnetexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=permanentmagnetexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Permanent Magnet Example

Introduction

The purpose of this example is to demonstrate how the material and direction of permanent magnets are defined in FEMM.  For this particular example, a single magnet will be modeled in a 2-D planar geometry

Example Geometry
&amp;mu;&lt;sub&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;BH&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=pmeddy&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>pmeddy</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=pmeddy&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Force on NdFeB disc magnets including eddy current effects

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

February 28, 2007

&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Introduction&lt;/h4&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this note is to present a low-order dynamic
model of the magnetic force on strong rare-earth permanent magnets
including time-varying effects.  There are generally three effects that 
impart a history-dependence on magnetic materials &lt;a
href=&quot;http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/cempe/subjects_JGZ/ems/ems_ch7_nt.pdf&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol style='mar…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=pmenergy&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>pmenergy</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=pmenergy&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Magnetic Circuit Derivation of Energy Stored in a Permanent Magnet&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
April 5, 2007
&lt;p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The calculation of the energy stored in a permanent magnet
is, perhaps surprisingly, something of a contentious topic. Contemporary works
take multiple approaches to this issue  
&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20060821171406/http://www.cip.csiro.au/Machines/papers/EnergyStoredInPermanen…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=politoipm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>politoipm</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=politoipm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Analysis of an Interior Permanent Magnet Motor

Introduction

A good example EV motor design is presented by Pellegrino et al. in [1].  This analysis will consider the IPM described in [1] to see if similar performance predictions are gleaned.

Stated Model Geometry
&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.femm.info/Archives/contrib/images/IPM/PolitoIPM.PNG&quot;, height=300&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;\(\sigma\)\[ \sigma = \frac{58 \,\mbox{MS/m}}{1+0.00393/^{^\circ} \mbox{C}*(130^{^\circ}\mbox{C} - …</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=polyformat&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>polyformat</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=polyformat&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Tangle Extended .poly File Format

Tangle reads .poly files compatible with Shewchuk's Triangle, plus optional extension sections for arc segments and periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). This document describes the full format.

Comments in .poly files begin with &lt;div&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=predicatebounds&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>predicatebounds</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=predicatebounds&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Floating-Point Error Bounds for Geometric Predicates

1. Overview

When evaluating geometric predicates in double-precision floating-point arithmetic, the computed result accumulates rounding error. If the true value of the determinant is close to zero, this error can flip the sign, yielding an incorrect predicate result. A \(M\)\[ \mathrm{fl}(a \oplus b) = (a \oplus b)(1 + \delta), \quad  \left| \delta \right|  \le \varepsilon = 2^{-53} = 1.1102230246251565 \times 10^{-16} \]\(\varepsilon\)\(n\…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=proximityloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>proximityloss</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=proximityloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Proximity Effect and Skin Effect Modeling in FEMM

David Meeker
May 4, 2008

One method of capturing proximity effect and skin effect losses is to create a finite element model in which each turn in a multi-turn winding is explicitly modeled.  By modeling each turn, the changes in current distribution within each turn due to these effects can be accurately represented.  However, modeling every wire individually can be very computationally expensive.  An alternative approach is to replace a wound…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=pyfemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>pyfemm</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=pyfemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>pyFEMM -- A Python Interface to FEMM

pyFEMM is a Python interface to Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM). The module uses win32com to communicate with FEMM's out-of-proc activex server.  The functions in the module wrap interactions with FEMM, making it easy to script FEMM from a Python program.&lt;tt&gt;The per-meter 60Hz impedance of each line is 3.807e-05+0.0001629j Ohms&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=qtoctave&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>qtoctave</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=qtoctave&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>QtOctave is an easy-to-use front end for Octave. For more information, see the QtOctave Website.</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=radialmagneticbearing&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>radialmagneticbearing</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=radialmagneticbearing&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Radial Magnetic Bearing Example (Nonlinear Magnetostatics)&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;September 11, 1999&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This example refers to the example file &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.femm.info/examples/brg/brgmodel.fem&quot;&gt;brgmodel.fem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Magnetic
bearings are used to in lieu of rolling element or fluid film journal bearings
in some high performance turbomachinery applications.  Specific applications i…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=radialmagnetization&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>radialmagnetization</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=radialmagnetization&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Radial Magnetization

Introduction

In most cases, permanent magnet regions are defined with a constant magnetization direction for the entire region, as described in the Permanent Magnet Example.  However, especially for the case of surface-mount permanent magnet motors, a magnetization direction that varies throughout the volume is desired.  Specifically, one sometimes desires to define a radial magnetization direction. The purpose of this note is to explain how to define a radial magnetizatio…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=randomoptimization&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>randomoptimization</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=randomoptimization&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Random Optimization with FEMM

Issues that influence the application of optimization methods to FEMM problems include:

	*  Expensive Cost Function Evaluation.  Each cost function evaluation requires a finite element analysis.
	*  Discontinuous Search Space\( f = (x_1 - 1)^2 + (x_2 - 1)^2 \)\(f\)\([x_1,x_2] = [1,1]\)&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1  0.25  {0.100207,0.21517}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;4  0.25  {0.259592,0.430497}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;5  0.25  {0.457822,0.27942}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;6  0.…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimages&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>rapidimages</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimages&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>*  [Fig10.png]
	*  [Fig11.png]
	*  [Fig1a.png]
	*  [Fig1b.png]
	*  [Fig2a.png]
	*  [Fig2b.png]
	*  [Fig3.png]
	*  [Fig4.png]
	*  [Fig5.png]
	*  [Fig6.png]
	*  [Fig7.png]
	*  [Fig8.png]
	*  [Fig9.png]</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimanalysis&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>rapidimanalysis</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimanalysis&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>A Rapid Procedure for Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Finite Element Analysis Using Magneto-Static Formulation.

Matteo Carbonieri, Nicola Bianchi

July 15, 2021

1 Introduction

This article presents a procedure to rapidly analyze the Induction Motor (IM) by performing only Magneto-Static (MS) Finite Element (FE) simulations. The nature of the IM perfectly fits in with the Time Domain (TD) analysis [1], which allows to carefully consider the saturation and compute the rotor cage induc…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimanalysisfootnote1&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>rapidimanalysisfootnote1</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimanalysisfootnote1&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;A common technique to speed up the rotor electrical transient is running TD simulations with locked rotor and the cage resistivity defined as:
\[\rho_{cage} = \frac{\rho^*_{cage}}{s} \]
where \(\rho^*_{cage}\) is the material resistivity defined at the simulation’s temperature. The rotor electrical transient can be dramatically reduced by imposing the higher resistivity. The resistance increases significantly, while the inductance remains the same with the consequence that the time c…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimanalysisfootnote2&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>rapidimanalysisfootnote2</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rapidimanalysisfootnote2&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Actually, in case of cage IM, a sinusoidally distributed winding has to be defined, in which each phase is distributed in all the rotor slots (see section 2).</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=readme40&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>readme40</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=readme40&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Finite Element Method Magnetics

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

Version 4.0.1 02Apr2007

----------

	*  Changed the way that stored energy is computed for permanent magnet materials.  Energy in stored in PMs was computed incorrectly in previous versions.

Version 4.0.1 08Dec2006</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=readme42&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>readme42</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=readme42&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>FEMM 21Apr2019

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

The distribution also includes the OctaveFEMM, SciFEMM, and MathFEMM toolboxes for interfacing Octave/Matlab, Scilab, and Mathematica to FEMM.  See the documentation in FEMM 4.2 folder of your Start menu for more details.

21Apr2019

* Start from previous solution for magnetics problems. To use this, specify a file name in \(i\)\[ L_{inc} \frac{di}{dt} + \omega \frac{d \psi}{d\theta} + R i = v \]\(L_{inc}\)\(\frac{d \psi}{d\theta}\)\(\theta\)\(\om…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=reworkedspmloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>reworkedspmloss</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=reworkedspmloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>*  [mySPMLossScriptAGB.m]
	*  [my_SPM_motor_AGB.fem]</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rotersexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>rotersexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rotersexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Force on a Taper Plunger Magnet&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The objective of this note is to compare calculations
of Force versus Position for a solenoid plunger with experimental results from
Roter's &amp;quot;Electromagnetic Devices.&amp;quot; In particular, the actuator
pictured in Figure 1 below will be considered.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=center style='text-align:center'&gt;&lt;img border=0 width=566 height=248
…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rotormotion&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>rotormotion</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=rotormotion&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Rotor Motion using an (Anti)Periodic Air Gap Boundary Condition

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

25Feb2018

1 Introduction

As of 25Feb2018, the rotor motion model described in SlidingBand has been put into FEMM.  The rotor motion model allows the rotor and stator of a rotating machine to have the same mesh regardless of the angular position of the rotor.  By having the same mesh at every angle, a big source of numerical error (i.e. remeshing) is removed.  Accurate forces and torques can then b…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=scifemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>scifemm</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=scifemm&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>SciFEMM is set of functions for interfacing with Scilab.  SciFEMM was first included in the 09Nov2010 build of FEMM 4.2.  SciFEMM consists of &lt;tt&gt;scifemm.sci&lt;/tt&gt;, a set of Scilab functions that mirrors the functionality of FEMM's Lua interface; and &lt;tt&gt;scilink.dll&lt;/tt&gt;, which is used to make Scilab talk to FEMM via FEMM's</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=slidingband&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>slidingband</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=slidingband&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Sliding band motion model for electric machines

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

13Mar2018

Abstract

This work considers a novel method of modeling motion in the finite element analysis of electric machines. A band quadrilateral elements fixed sits in the middle of the air gap between the rotor and stator.  Interpolation is used to map points on the edges of the sliding rotor and stator meshes onto the fixed node points of the quadrilateral elements.  Using the interpolated mapping, an element…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=slidingbandbenchmark&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>slidingbandbenchmark</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=slidingbandbenchmark&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Sliding Band Benchmark

The objective is to compare results without “sliding band” for a realistic motor to a sliding band with a complete (360 degree) motor model with a periodic air gap boundary condition and half a motor (180 degrees) with an anti-periodic air gap boundary condition.&lt;em&gt;anti-periodic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Whole Motor, Weighted Stress Tensor Torque&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;55.4274mNm&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Whole Motor with Sliding Band, Sliding Band Torque Integral&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;55.4302mNm&lt;/…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=smco&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>smco</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=smco&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Samarium Cobalt Magnets

“SmCo” is short-hand for Samarium Cobalt, a type of permanent magnet material.  Good general descriptions of Samarium Cobalt material are available at:

	*  &lt;https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/4788906/Electronenergy_December2018/Docs/EEC-SmCo-Sheet.pdf&gt;
	*  &lt;https://www.buntingeurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/BME_Samarium_Cobalt_data_sheet.pdf&gt;
	*  &lt;http://www.allmagnetics.com/smco.htm&gt;
	*  &lt;http://www.magnetsales.com/smco/Smco1.htm&gt;
	*  &lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=smcoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>smcoproperties</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=smcoproperties&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Samarium Cobalt Magnet Properties

Sintered SmCo properties defined in FEMM are meant to be representative of typical examples rather than strictly based on the products from one vendor.  Reasonable references are the Wikipedia SmCo page and https://www.buntingeurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/BME_Samarium_Cobalt_data_sheet.pdf.

SmCo magnets come in two formulations: SmCo1:5SmCo2:17SmCo26&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Grade&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;\(BH_{max}\), MGOe&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;\(B_r\), T&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;\(B_r\), kG&lt;/…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=softmagneticmaterials&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>softmagneticmaterials</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=softmagneticmaterials&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>DC Magnetization Curves of Soft Magnetic Materials

Reference: Figure 17, “Direct current magnetization curves for various magnetic materials,” p. 792, Metals Handbook, 8th edition, Volume 1, American Society for Metals, 1966.

A complete archive of BH curve points derived from scans of this figure are available as &lt;div&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.femm.info/examples/matlib/myfig1.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.femm.info/examples/matlib/myfig2.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=specificheat&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>specificheat</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=specificheat&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;b&gt;Material&lt;/b&gt;	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;b&gt;MJ/(m^3*K)&lt;/b&gt;	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;b&gt;Source&lt;/b&gt;	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;b&gt;Comment&lt;/b&gt;	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Aluminum, 2024-T6	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	2.433	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.matweb.com/&quot;&gt;Matweb&lt;/a&gt;	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;		&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Aluminum, Pure	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	2.450	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html&quot;&gt;A Heat Transfer Textbook, 4th ed.&lt;/a&gt;	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;		&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;	Aluminum, 2024-O	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	2.433	&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;	&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.matweb.com/…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=spmloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>spmloss</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=spmloss&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Rotating Losses in a Surface Mount Permanent Magnet Motor

David Meeker
&lt;dmeeker@ieee.org&gt;

18Oct2017

1 Introduction

This note considers the analysis of a surface-mount permanent magnet motor with a concentrated winding.  Although only a few winding schemes are widely used (1/4 or 2/7 slots per pole per phase), a great variety of concentrated windings are possible, as shown in [1]. The present example uses a 3/8 pitch winding with 16 magnets and 18 stator slots, shown in Figure 1. Although the…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=stackingfactor&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>stackingfactor</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=stackingfactor&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>When laminations are stacked, they don't fill the space that they occupy 100% full with iron.  There is some space between laminations that is filled with insulation, varnish, or epoxy, and the laminations are not perfectly flat.  In designing the machine, one needs to account for the lamination stacking factor. A stacking factor of less than 100% reduces the flux carrying capacity of the section a bit.&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=1&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;Thickess, inches&lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td&gt;Tarter&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Constantinides&lt;/td&gt;…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=start&amp;rev=1777850269&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T23:17:49+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>start</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=start&amp;rev=1777850269&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Finite Element Method Magnetics

Magnetics, Electrostatics, Heat Flow, and Current Flow




Download  
Documentation  
FAQ  
Linux Support  
Examples  
User Contributions  
Miscellaneous  
Related Links  
Tangle — NEW
Author</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=stiffnessmatrix&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>stiffnessmatrix</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=stiffnessmatrix&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Stiffness Matrix

A test build of FEMM has been made that dumps the stiffness matrix and right-hand side prior to solving a 2D magnetostatic problem.  The installation files and source code for this test build are available at the bottom of the page.\(b\)\(M\)</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tangle&amp;rev=1778041585&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-06T04:26:25+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>tangle</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tangle&amp;rev=1778041585&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>[tangle]

tangle

Version 0.2 — 17 Mar 2026

A 2D constrained Delaunay triangulation and quality mesh generation tool, implemented in C++17. File format compatible with Shewchuk's Triangle with extensions for arc segments, local feature size constraints, and periodic boundary conditions.C++17&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.femm.info/wiki/Tangle#Binaries&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;Binaries&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tapewoundtoroid&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>tapewoundtoroid</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tapewoundtoroid&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Circuit Model of a Tape-Wound Toroid

Introduction

Tape-wound toroids are constructed by wrapping a long tape of lamination material into a toroid, as shown in Figure 1.  When wrapped with a current-carrying winding, magnetic flux flows around the ring.  However, there is no continuous flux path that the flux can take round the ring, since the tape has a discrete beginning and end.  At some point, flux must cross the thin air gap between successively layers of the tape to complete its loop. \(R…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=team28&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>team28</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=team28&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Steady-State Analysis of Compumag TEAM Problem 28&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;April 27, 2006&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;1 Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;



&lt;p&gt;This note describes the analysis of the Compumag TEAM &lt;a
href=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20030421140013/http://ics.ec-lyon.fr/problems/problem28.pdf&quot;&gt;Problem
28&lt;/a&gt;. This problem concerns the modeling of an electrodynamic device
consisting of two stationary concentric air-cored coils interacting…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=teslamotor&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>teslamotor</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=teslamotor&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Analysis of Tesla-Like Induction Motor

David Meeker
04Feb2015

Introduction

The purpose of this note is to analyze an induction motor similar to that used by Tesla Motors.  Some geometry information is publicly available from patents and photographs on the web.  Other aspects of the machine can be selected based on educated guesses.  The result of this note will be a model of a Tesla-like motor and an examination of its performance via the model.&lt;img src= &quot;http://patentimages.storage.googleapi…</description>
    </item>
    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tmp&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>tmp</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tmp&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Bias Current Linearization Revisited

Abstract: Previously, a generalized bias current linearization was presented for the control of radial magnetic bearings.  However, a numerically intensive procedure was required to obtain bias linearization currents. The present work develops an analytical solution to the generalized bias linearization problem in which solutions are indexed by a small number of parameters.  The formulation also permits the analytical computation of bias linearization curren…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=torquebenchmark&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>torquebenchmark</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=torquebenchmark&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>(Anti)Periodic Air Gap Boundary Condition Torque Benchmark

David Meeker
dmeeker@ieee.org

25Feb2018

1 Introduction

The 25Feb2018 test build of FEMM has “air gap boundary condition” that allows rotor motion to be modeled without changing the rotor or stator meshes.  To assess the accuracy of the resulting torque, a benchmark with a closed-form solution is of value.  Here, the torque on a dipole in a uniform magnetic field will be computed for various rotor angles.  This problem has a simple cl…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=transientheat&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>transientheat</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=transientheat&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Transient Heat Flow Example

The files related to this example are contained in TransientHeatFlow.zip

Introduction

FEMM has the capability to perform transient heat flow analyses, given the constraint that the finite element mesh cannot change from time step to time step.  The purpose of this note is to provide a concrete example of the use of the heat flow time transient functionality.\(t=0\)\(t=0\)\(t=0\)\(t=20\)\[ \large \rho c_p \frac{dT}{dt} - \nabla \cdot \left( k \nabla T \right) = q \]…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=transientloudspeaker&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>transientloudspeaker</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=transientloudspeaker&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Transient Loudspeaker Modeling

David Meeker
&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;

08Nov2015

Introduction

FEMM presently does not directly model the complete transient behavior of a loudspeaker.  However, using a mapping of complex-valued inductance vs. frequency, as described at BlockedImpedance, parameters in a nonlinear transient model can be identified.  This model should give reasonable results across a wide range of frequencies and signal levels.&lt;a href=&quot;http://ieeexplo…</description>
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        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>transientloudspeakerwithshortingring</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=transientloudspeakerwithshortingring&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Transient Loudspeaker Model with Shorting Ring

David Meeker
dmeeker@ieee.org

08Nov2015

Introduction

FEMM presently does not directly model the complete transient behavior of a loudspeaker. However, results from a series of FEMM analysis can be used to identify parameters in a nonlinear transient model. The nonlinear transient model is ultimately implemented in Simulink in the &lt;tt&gt;ssf_082_vs_position_with_ring_coarse.m&lt;/tt&gt;\(L_n(x) = \exp \left(c_0 + c_1 x + c_2 x^2 +c_3 x^3 \right) \)\(c_0 \…</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=triangle&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>triangle</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=triangle&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Triangle

FEMM uses Triangle to create its meshes.

FEMM is distributed with Triangle 1.6.</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=trianglereadme&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>trianglereadme</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=trianglereadme&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Triangle
A Two-Dimensional Quality Mesh Generator and Delaunay Triangulator.
Version 1.3

Show Me
A Display Program for Meshes and More.
Version 1.3

Copyright 1996 Jonathan Richard Shewchuk
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  15213-3891
Please send bugs and comments to jrs@cs.cmu.eduPostScriptPostScript</description>
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    <item rdf:about="https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tubeexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff">
        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>tubeexample</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=tubeexample&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Eddy Current Example: Current Induced in a Steel Tube&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;David Meeker&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:dmeeker@ieee.org&quot;&gt;dmeeker@ieee.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;April 7, 2001&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Companion FEMM model:  &lt;a href=&quot;/examples/tube/tube.fem&quot;&gt;tube.fem&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This example considers eddy currents induced in a steel
pipe.  The geometry is pictured below in
Figure 1.  A wire runs down the bore of
a steel pipe.  The wire carries a
current &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt; that varies sin…</description>
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        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>uniformfield</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=uniformfield&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Objects in a Uniform Magnetic Field via IABCs

David Meeker
dmeeker@ieee.org

22Nov3018

1 Introduction

Several problems of interest in magnetics involve the modeling of an object in a uniform, unbounded magnetic field.  Since a finite element model generally only solves magnetic problems on a bounded domain, it would appear to be difficult to approximate this condition using FEMM.  However, it is possible to combine immersion in a constant magnetic field with an unbounded domain using Improvis…</description>
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        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>weightedstresstensor</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=weightedstresstensor&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Derivation of Weighted Stress Tensor

David Meeker
27 Aug 2022

Introduction

Maxwell's Stress Tensor [1] is a widely used method of calculating rigid body force and torque in magnetic finite element problems.  To evaluate force, one first defines a contour along which the force is computed.  The contour should enclose the object of interest.  For example, a contour enclosing the rotor of a magnetic bearing is shown in red in Figure 1.\(dF\)\[ \label{mst} dF = \frac{1}{2 \mu_o} \left( 2 (B \cdot…</description>
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        <dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
        <dc:date>2026-05-03T22:45:35+00:00</dc:date>
        <dc:creator>Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)</dc:creator>
        <title>woofer</title>
        <link>https://www.femm.info/doku/doku.php?id=woofer&amp;rev=1777848335&amp;do=diff</link>
        <description>Analysis of a Woofer Motor

David Meeker
dmeeker@ieee.org

15May2009

1 Introduction

FEMM has been widely used to design speaker motors.  Since most speaker motors naturally have an axisymmetric construction, FEMM allows for the computation of the fields and forces in a speaker motor with high accuracy.&lt;div&gt;
&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://www.femm.info/examples/woofer/woofer.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Woofer geometry&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Dimensions of woofer motor cross-section.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;/examples/w…</description>
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